Adolescence represents a time of significant growth and transformation. Physical changes, social interactions, and emotional and intellectual development shape adolescents’ experiences and prepare them for adulthood.
This stage marks a period of rapid physical growth and development (Best & Ban, 2021). It is characterized by the onset of puberty, which brings about significant hormonal changes, growth spurts, changes in body shape, and the maturation of reproductive organs.
In their teenage years, young people experience a wide range of emotions as they navigate the challenges of identity formation and self-discovery (Branje et al., 2021). They may struggle with self-esteem, self-image, and mood swings (Maciejewski, 2015). During adolescence, conflicts between parents and teens are common (Branje, 2018). They try to assert their independence and challenge authority figures. The brain’s reward system becomes hypersensitive, leading to increased risk-taking behavior (Galván, 2010). Parents should recognize that this quest for independence is a normal part of development and does not mean a rejection of their influence. Setting clear boundaries and maintaining open lines of communication can help manage potential conflicts (Cummings et al., 2015).
The ages 13-18 mark another dynamic phase of brain development. During this time, significant restructuring and strengthening of neural connections occur in the brain. Although the prefrontal cortex is still under construction, teens show progress in critical thinking and problem-solving. They develop the ability to think hypothetically and consider multiple perspectives. Their intellectual curiosity increases, and they become more capable of engaging with complex arguments and abstract concepts (Amel & Moshman, 2015). They begin to explore their interests, pursue academic goals, and make decisions about their future path.
The immature development of the prefrontal cortex in the first years of life refers to the gradual and continuous maturation of the frontal lobe of the brain during infancy and early childhood. The prefrontal cortex controls higher-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation. During the first few years of life, the prefrontal cortex still develops, resulting in limited self-regulatory and reasoning abilities. This immaturity can lead to impulsive behavior, difficulty managing emotions, and challenges with attention and planning. With age, the prefrontal cortex continues to develop so that executive functions improve and cognitive abilities become more mature.
The stages of child development refer to the distinct phases of growth and maturation that children go through from infancy through adolescence. These stages include physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes that occur at specific stages. In the first years, children develop their motor skills, social interactions, emotional awareness, and cognitive abilities. As they grow, they become more independent, form deeper relationships, explore their identities, and expand their knowledge and thinking skills. The stages of child development illustrate the continuous and dynamic nature of growth, with each stage building on the previous one.
Tantrums refer to intense, emotional outbursts that typically occur in young children, often during the preschool years. These episodes are characterized by uncontrollable expressions of frustration, anger, or distress, accompanied by behaviors such as crying, screaming, kicking, or hitting. Tantrums can occur when children have difficulty communicating their needs, wants, or feelings effectively. They can be triggered by factors such as fatigue, hunger, sensory overload, or an inability to cope with frustration. Tantrums are a normal part of child development but can be distressing for both the child and the caregiver.
